Introduction :
Diabetes Mellitus is defined as a condition which arises when pancreas does not produce sufficient
Diabetes Mellitus is defined as a condition which arises when pancreas does not produce sufficient
insulin hormone. This condition leads to increased blood glucose level. If this condition is not
treated and if blood glucose level remains elevated for long period and several life threatening
conditions arises such as heart attack, heart failure, stroke, blindness, kidney failure, gangrene of
limbs etc.
Types of Diabetes Mellitus:
a. Type 1 Diabetes (Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus- IDDM):
In this type of Diabetes insulin producing cells of pancreas are completely destroyed by immune
system and there is no production of insulin hormone. This commonly starts in people under the age
of 20 years
b. Type 2 Diabetes (Non-Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus- NIDDM):
In this type of Diabetes Pancreas produces insufficient insulin hormone. This commonly starts in
people after the age of 40 years.
c. Gestational Diabetes
This type of Diabetes occurs in pregnant women. Hormone changes during pregnancy can affect
insulin’s ability to work properly. This condition occurs in approximately 4% of all pregnancies.
Diagnostic features of Diabetes Mellitus:
Diabetes Mellitus is diagnosed when blood glucose level in fasting is more than 110 mg/dl or 2
hours post prandial is more than 140 mg/dl or random blood glucose is more than 200 mg/dl
Symptoms:
Increased thirst
Mouth dryness
Frequent urination
Weight loss
Fatigue
Blurred vision
Numbness of hands and feet
Yeast infection
Itching of the skin
Treatment:
Lifestyle treatment
Diet low in sugar
Weight reduction if overweight
Stop tobacco use and alcohol
Exercise daily
Mental stress management
Drug treatment
Start with Metformin 500 mg BD
Add Glimiperide if blood glucose level is not controlled by Metformin alone
If patient is underweight then insulin is better
If blood glucose level is very high, if there is ketone in urine then patient should be given
insulin
If there are signs of target organ damage such as Retinopathy, Nephropathy, then insulin is
the drug of choice.
For type 1 and gestational diabetes, insulin should be given.
Advice to the patient:
Monitor blood glucose level every month or more frequently when necessary
Diet control is must
Exercise daily is important component of treatment
Blood pressure should be maintained below 130/80mmHg
Blood cholesterol level should be kept as low as possible (LDL less than 70 mg/dl)
Referral:
Refer the patient to higher centre if
Blood sugar is uncontrolled with two groups of drugs
Target organ damage seen such as protein in urine, blurred vision, chest pain, dyspnoeaetc
Patient is drowsy or unconscious
Source : STANDARD TREATMENT PROTOCOL FOR HEALTH POSTS AND SUB HEALTH POSTS 2070
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